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Music Therapy Essay Example

Music Therapy Essay Example Music Therapy Essay Music Therapy Essay Music therapy is used to treat people for various reasons and there are multiple styles of treatment presently being used. Music therapy is an effective form of therapy that is used on people of all ages to improve quality of life. Music therapy has been used in the medical industry for more than 60 years and there are many people who have no idea what it is. During W. W. I. , music therapy in the United States began to develop when music was used in the Veterans Administration Hospitals as an intervention to address traumatic war injuries. There were several musicians who were not working and they would go to the Veteran hospitals to play for the injured soldiers. â€Å"Numerous doctors and nurses witnessed the effect music had on veterans psychological, physiological, cognitive, and emotional state† (University Hospitals Health Systems, 2005-2008, para. 2). Many years ago it would be so hard to find a music therapist, but now music therapists are available in many different locations and facilities. Some of the most common places to find a music therapist are in rehabilitation centers, mental health centers, psychiatric hospitals, daycare treatments centers, medical hospitals, senior centers, drug and alcohol programs, correctional facilities, developmentally disabled persons, schools, and private practice (American Music Therapy Association, 1999). Music therapy has evolved significantly throughout the years, and there are multiple areas in the medical field that are working together to incorporate different techniques of music therapy. For instance, â€Å"Music therapists work collaboratively with physicians, social workers and other hospital staff to create interventions designed to promote wellness, manage stress, alleviate pain, express feelings, enhance memory, improve communication and promote physical rehabilitation† (UCSF, 2003, para. 4). Today music is used for therapy in a variety of ways to treat and heal people who are suffering from a variety of different medical disorders. Additionally, music therapy is used for breathing and heart rate as well as improving ones state of mind. Research has shown that music has a profound effect on your body and psyche† (Scott, 2007, para. 1). Music is considered to be a form of sensory that provokes different responses due to the security that it provides to individuals. More than likely, everyone has his or her own type of musical therapy. For example, people who are depressed might listen to their favorite to brighten their mood. Another example would be someone playing their favorite compact disc when they are angry or upset to calm themselves (Sparks, 2007). There are some common misconceptions about music therapy such as, patients who have to have some kind of music ability in order to be responsive to the treatment, and they do not. In addition, another misconception is that one or more particular styles of music are more beneficial than others styles and that is not the case. There are varieties of therapy styles that are used today; the focus of the therapy styles is to engage the clients in a musical occurrence. Music therapists design the music sessions to suit individuals and groups for the client’s specific needs such as â€Å"using music improvisation, receptive music listening, song writing, lyric discussion, music, and imagery, music performance, and learning through music† (American Music Therapy Association, Inc. , 1999, para. 2). Additionally there are some styles of music therapy where the patient or client will use an instrument to express unspoken emotions, or for the purpose of improving their motor skills. Music therapy is used on multiple people for treating a variety of different conditions. The therapy can be used on children, adolescents, adults, and elderly. Music therapy is also used for treating people with mental health requirements, developmentally disabled individuals, Alzheimer’s disease, and further age related conditions. Research shows that the power of music and rhythm can be very beneficial for the elderly and Alzheimer’s patients. There are many nursing homes using music to assist elderly and Alzheimer’s patients with memory conditions. In addition, music therapy is beneficial for people who suffer from substance abuse, brain injuries, and acute pain, to mothers who are in labor (American Music Therapy Association, Inc. , 1999). Music Therapy has had numerous clinical studies to suggest that not only musical therapy is an effective means of treatment, but the sound of music is soothing and comfortable, and it lowers cortisol, a stress hormone, as much as 25%. The music can reduce pain for patients who have come out of surgery, decreases nausea with patients who are receiving chemotherapy, and increases awareness of self and environment. A study conducted at Yale University School of medicine proved that patients who were awake during a surgical procedure listening to their favorite music need lower doses of pain medication than patients who did not listen to music (Syed, 2006). Developmentally disabled individuals and individuals with mental health needs are also receptive and benefit from music therapy. Music therapy for autistic individuals has helped to teach social interacting, encouraging the desire to communicate, and minimizing non-communicative speech. As far as autism is concerned, studies have shown that music therapy has a significant, positive influence when used to treat autistic individuals† (Evans, 2008, para. 3). Children diagnosed with autism are very receptive to music therapy. It was stated â€Å"Music Therapy is particularly useful with autistic children owing in part to the nonverbal, non threatening nature of the medium† (Staum, 2008, para. 3). Music therapy for mental health patie nts uses the therapeutic form of music as a means of communication and self-expression. The point of the therapy is to assist the individuals by helping to develop relationships and to face issues that they may not have been able to face using words only. One of the reasons that the music therapy is successful, is because it can incorporate active music making and music listening. While music therapy can treat people with different illnesses and disabilities, it can improve the quality of life for healthy people as well. Music can help individuals relate to other people, it can distract people from daily anxiety and provides an overall enjoyable experience. Every individual who practices some method of music therapy can improve, his or her own quality of life, whether it is someone who is healthy, ill, or disabled. Music is a positive influence used for physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being. For instance, someone who listens or performs music is benefiting from it. The presence of a music therapist is not necessary (Natural Standard, 2008). Music has always been said not only to be motivating, but also relaxing, and can be beneficial for everyone. Music or soothing sounds can be used as relaxation for any individual, and does not need to be monitored by music professionals. Many people are under the impression that music therapy is preformed using computer generated styles, but music therapy uses interactive instruments. The most common interactive instruments are the guitar, autoharp, piano, and keyboards because they can engage a client in musical activities. There are also handheld percussive instruments used such as the drums, maracas, tambourines, wood blocks, and chimes. The percussive instruments can potentially enhance the musical therapy experience by providing stimulation. In addition, picture cards and instrument pictures can aid patients in making a choice of what they would like to use, while puppets can help create a fun interactive experience (The Fine Arts Association, 2008). Like any form of therapy, every potential patient or client would undergo an assessment to participate in a music therapy program. During a typical assessment appointment, the music therapist would take the individual and expose them to a variety of instruments and different music. The music therapist will observe the individuals interactions with the music and instruments. The therapist is observing the individuals motor skills, behavior communication, and cognitive skills. After the assessment, the music therapist would then meet with the parents or caregivers to discuss goals of the music therapy. To conclude, music therapy has been around for several years and began when music was played for veterans who were injured in the W. W. I. and doctors and nurses noticed that the music affected the patients in a positive manner. Over 60 years later, music has come a long way with aiding people who are suffering from mental illness, pain, breathing, sleep disorders, and several other conditions. Doctors and other types of physicians collaborate with music therapists to assist their patients in a healing type of treatment with the assistance of music. Music therapy is not just listening to music anymore; it is engaging the patient in a making music, singing, and several other types of treatment. Most everyone has his or her own type of music therapy, although they might not know it. This type of therapy benefits children and adults and is proven to improve the quality of life whether a person is ill or healthy. Music therapy is a beneficial treatment that has been used in the past, present, and will continue to be used effectively. References: Evans, Rachel, (2008) The Benefits of Music Therapy for Autism. Ezine Articles Retrieved June 4, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Benefits-of-Music-Therapy-for-Autism=432566 Frequently Asked Questions About Music Therapy. (1999) American Music Therapy Association, Inc. Retrieved May 25, 2008 from musictherapy. org/faqs. html#WHAT_IS_THE_HISTORY History of Music Therapy. (2005-2008) University Hospitals Health Systems Retrieved May 23, 2008, from musicasmedicine. com/about/history. cfm Music Therapy Services. (2003-2008) The Fine Arts Association Retrieved June 9, 2008, from fineartsassociation. org/therapy. html Music Therapy. (1998) Think Quest Retrieved June 5, 2008 from http://library. thinkquest. org/24206/music-therapy. html Music Therapy. (2008) Natural Standard Retrieved June 4, 2008 from aturalstandard. com/index-abstract. asp? create- abstract=/monographs/alternativemodalities/patient-musictherapy. asp Scott, Elizabeth, M. S. (2007) Music and Your Body: How Music Affects Us and Why Music Therapy Promotes Health. About. com Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://stress. about. com/od/tensiontamers/a/music_therapy. htm Sparks, Alicia, (2007 The Mental Benefits of Music Therapy. Mental Health Notes Retrieved on June 2, 2008, from mentalheal thnotes. com/2007/07/09/the-mental-benefits-of-music-therapy/ Staum, J. Myra, (2008) Music Therapy and Language for the Autistic Child. Autism Research Institute Retrieved June 2, 2008, from autism. com/families/therapy/music. htm Syed, Ibrahim B. Ph. D. (2006) Music Therapy. Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from irfi. org/articles/articles_1_50/music_therapy. htm The Profound Effects of Music on the Mind. (2003) University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Retrieved June 2, 2008 from ucsf. edu/synapse/articles/2008/Apr/17/musictherapy. html

Did Black Nationalism hurt or help African Americans pursuit of civil Essay

Did Black Nationalism hurt or help African Americans pursuit of civil rights - Essay Example As far as the rights of African Americans are concerned, this nation is considered the most discriminated nation especially in the South American regions of the United States. There were several political struggles came forward time to time to bring reforms for the protection of civil rights of this group. Black Nationalism was a supporting struggle that expressed the racial awareness among those Africans living in America. The motto of this movement was to ensure the protection of black power. This move greatly assisted the African Americans in pursuing civil rights. The leaders of the movement offered the ways to combat racism. In early 1960s, this struggle became more active and popular in America. This was the year when the move became more advanced and a well known leader Malcolm X, argued that African Americans should focus to improve their lives in order to integrate in American environment in a better way. Black people should also defend themselves against communal difference s. 2. Describe the anti-lynching movement? Who lead this cause, what were their goals and what was the outcome? Anti-Lynching Movement was a popular movement launched to activate and protect the civil rights of the communities living in America. This movement came forward as a reaction against lynching which, basically, involved extra-judicial killings based on racism. Lynching was a very common practice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In the years 1890 to 1920, these killings reached at its peak. Extra-judicial killings were practiced to ensure white supremacy especially in the southern parts of America. According to an estimate of Tuskegee Institute, between 1882- 1968, 1297 whites and 3446 blacks were badly tortured and killed due to these racist controversies in America. Goals: The goal of this movement was to end up the violence that was a common practice in US against African Americans. This movement rose from the southern parts of United States. The thrust of the move was to ensure protection for the communal groups and this awareness had to spread among common people through education and legal amendments. It was the aim that the legal actions for communal equality would be made keeping in mind the federal legislation as well. Women played a great role in this movement. Leading Agents of the Movement: This movement was, particularly, leading by different organizations including the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL), the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and the Council for Interracial Cooperation (CIC). Wells- Barnett was a great leader and supporter of this campaign. He was a renowned journalist. The brutality of lynching movement revolted so white people also started joining this anti-lynching campaign. Outcomes: Finally, in 1940s, lynching was declined and this was the positive outcome of anti lynching campaign. It is considered the prime battle against segregation and racism that finally took shape in a positive manner. 3. Who was A. Philip Randolph and what was his contribution to African American History? A. Philip Randolph was an African American labor who also led civil rights in United States. He was the most prominent among all other trade unionists that fought for the cause of ethnic equality. Randolph was born in Florida and in 1911; he left Florida and moved to New York. Later on, in very young age he joined Socialist Party. Randolph was a realist approach human and believed that African Americans could never gain political power and could never get political freedom until they would be financially strong. He

Evaluate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluate - Essay Example Where I do not understand something the lecturer has taught, I also make a point of asking for clarification as this is very important in that it helps me grasp difficult concepts in class making it easier for me to go back and read further about them in my free time. Over the years, I have learnt to appreciate the importance of attending classes and being attentive when the lecturer is teaching. I have learnt that it is easier to grasp difficult concepts in class from the lecturer than going to read about them from text books. This is due to the fact that it is easier to remember what you hear someone else saying than to remember what you read from a textbook. I therefore prefer to sit in class, listen and participate when the lecturer is teaching than sitting long hours in the library or in my study room trying to read difficult concepts alone. I therefore make sure that I attend all the lectures in time and this particular class has not been an exception. Another reason why I have been attending all my classes and being attentive is due to the fact that I find it irresponsible to skip classes and yet I have paid school fees for the same. I therefore find it necessary and satisfying to go to class and listen as the lecturer teaches since it makes me feel that I have utilised my tuition fees for a good purpose. Skipping classes or attending class and not being attentive is a waste of time and money and I find it wrong. The whole of this semester I have always given my full attention to this class so as to avoid wastage of time and the money I have paid for tuition. One other very important reason why I have been attending my classes without fail is so as to ensure that I increase my chances of passing the final examination. Listening to the lecturer in class ensures that you pick up the important things that he/she stresses on and

'' cross-cultural influences the kinds of HRM strategies between china Essay

'' cross-cultural influences the kinds of HRM strategies between china and Austrelia''† - Essay Example With this, these companies adapt to the human resource protocols and labor laws where they operate while incorporating the same business ethics that they have set up in their home base (Wright, et al., n.d.). Outsourcing has been around since the late 70’s where the production of brand name companies were set up in countries where labor is cheap. One of the countries that is lucrative for these outsourcing companies is China because of its’ cheap labor costs (Wright, et al., n.d.). Even though expatriates are brought in to oversee the operations of these companies, the workplace culture of the host country is still evident in setting up their human resource policies. Policies such as reprimanding a subordinate or career growth are influenced by the culture which is prevalent in the country. One good example for this is a multinational company that will set up their operations in China. While the company will implement their company core values and business code of ethics, human resource managers still apply the strong work culture of the Chinese. Also setting up these multinational companies in a country such as China does not mean that the company will not comply with China’s labor laws (Zhao, n.d.). The same can be said when a Chinese firm sets up their operations in Australia. The Chinese owned company has to comply with the existing labor laws of Australia in order for them to operate their businesses. At the same time, they also practice the company core values which have been set up and may be formulated in Chinese workplace setting (OReilly & Chatman, 1996). This paper will discuss cross cultural differences in human resource management procedures and what problems arise from such settings. The paper will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such cross cultural settings. Another topic that will

Gender Discrimination In Education In Afghanistan Sociology Essay

Gender Discrimination In Education In Afghanistan Sociology Essay Afghanistan is one of the toughest regions for women to survive. Although the country has a highest number of school-going populations, gender disparities in education remain high. Women discrimination in the education system is a pervasive practice, which the political systems have not considered it seriously. Many girls opt to attend to their domestic duties because of the fear they have about insurgents and other group, which usually attack them in various learning institutions. Compared to boys, the societal norms and practices do not favor the girl because they hold minor roles in the building of the society and culture. Research question What are the reasons of gender discrimination in the education in Afghanistan? Proposed claims During the Taliban rule, women oppression and denial to access education has been evident by several attacks insurgent have orchestrated in schools. It is good to note that, this political system exercised male dominance and hegemonic practices against the women because of their position in the society. Socio-cultural norms and practices within the Afghans contribute largely to the discriminative way of sharing resources like education in the community. At the primary school level, the literacy level of girls for aged 15-24 stands at 18%, while the literacy level for bay at the same age bracket remains at 50%. More than half the boys have a chance of completing education compared to girls (Brodsky, Portnoy, Scheibler, Carrilo, 2012). Cultural practices and traditions encouraged boys to further their studies because of the leadership positions they occupied in the society. According to a report filed by the Human Rights Commission in Afghanistan, parents elucidate that major challenges affecting their daughters is insecurity and accessibility of education. Others stated that a girl child ought to attend to domestic duties, engage in productive activities to enable her family earn a living and children marriages (Whitsel Mehran, 2010 p. 504). The Islamic the Islamic rule under the Taliban government did not allow women in public areas. For this reason, other girls opt to remain indoors for fear of execution of assault by law enforcers. This situation influenced the way girls attended schools as opposed to boys who had the time to acquire knowledge. Factors contributing to gender discrimination in education in Afghanistan The Brutal Taliban Rule The Taliban became prominent in 1994 after they took power and ruled the Afghanistan in a dictatorial way. The group targeted women in such a way that many succumbed to health complications, others lost their lives, and the majority lacked the power to acquire knowledge at institutions of learning. Since most of the schools in Afghanistan are gender-segregated, the insurgent group conducted several attacks on girls in order to deprive them from acquiring basic education. It was a rule that girls ought to stay away from public places; the school was a public place where they socialized. According to the Taliban rule, oppressing women was a show of winning despite losing the victory at the battlefields. In Takhar province, the Taliban group poisoned 40 girls student, some of which succumbed to severe health complication (Facar, 2006 p. 31). This group burnt girls schools because they wanted to get rid of the enlightened generation of women, which could challenge their political ideolog ies and power. Before the Taliban assumed power, Afghanistan was a peaceful place, which ensured equality between boys and girls with regard to knowledge acquisition. Thereafter, when the Taliban ruled, they perpetrated egregious acts of violence against young girls. Such actions induced fear in girls who were at learning institutions because they knew anytime they face attackers (Spink, 2005 p. 197). In a certain incidence, In Tukhar province insurgents attached a girls school at night, raped students, assaulted and kidnapped others. For this reason, many abandoned learning as they moved to Iran and Pakistan for refuge. In 1999, Talibans jailed and deported a female worker who was helping Afghanistan women in engaging in home-based work. In Kabul, female teachers lost their jobs, a move that crippled learning in some institutions. Since these teachers attended mainly elementary classes in girls schools, children missed fundamental of education making some to record poor marks in examinations. The Taliban also restricted female from enrolling at the Kabul University. The rationale behind it was the facility was full to capacity and that women should wait for the government to construct another facility. Society norms and practices According to norms and practices of the Afghans, women had no authority over certain traditional practices like marriage. In the video, it was stated that many parents married off their young daughters without their consent because the parents wanted to raise resources, which could sustain the rest of the family (men). Following this initiative, many girls were pulled out of schools or deprived the right to education because they will get married. Some families forced their girl children to stay indoors because they were afraid of fines and penalties, which societal leaders could charge upon exposing their siblings. Brodsky, Portnoy, Scheibler Carrilo, (2012) asserts that the culture has a requirement, which states that girls should not compete with men in any way; going to school as boys do was a form of competition, which the society did not allow. Moreover, culture also required that girls and boys should be segregated in any gathering or event. This doctrine was also exercised a t government institutions, which had a mandate of building schools and allocating other resources. Such an environment does not promote healthy competition during learning. There is a possibility that girls will perform poorly. In the Video, Parish Will of World Edition state that, the society has had a perception that girls should only acquire basic primary education, which sometimes is not essential. With this in mind, many parents had not until recently realized the importance of supporting their daughters education. How working knowledge influenced topic selection In my relationship with female colleagues, i interviewed a few who stated that the major problem, which they face in their pursuit of education, was discrimination and oppression from men. Many asserted that male dominated societies could not favor them or support their educational needs. Apart from that, I noted that the number of female teachers and other workers at various places of work was low. I wanted to establish the rationale behind the situation. I considered that the topic was important for research because I wanted to explore the problem and establish some of the problems, which have led to the situation. Misunderstandings about the topic During the time women were oppressed and discriminated, I do not understand the reason why insurgent and the Taliban targeted women. The explanation given does not give a clear reason for the brutal activities women went through. I consider that Afghanistan men could have been target of Taliban because they can challenge their rule of law. The Islamic rules and practices have given women an equal opportunity as men to pursue various sectors and acquire knowledge in order to develop the society. The Taliban were also Islam, but did not adhere to this requirement. There has been no evidence showing or explaining why women were denied the right of education. Conclusion Indeed women in Afghanistan were denied the right of education. The Taliban used their authority to oppress and deprive women from learning because they wanted to eliminate the likelihood of having enlightened future leaders, who could challenge some of their political ideologies. Although the society still holds that women should remain passive to societal practices and activities, I will carry out sensitization campaigns, which will enlighten women and teach some fundamental rights that they need to demand from the authority. In addition, religious leaders will also be used in teaching the society against the practices, which discriminate against the women. Annotated Reference list Brodsky, A., Portnoy, G., Scheibler, J., Carrilo, A. (2012). Beyond (ABCs) Education, community and feminism in Afghanistan. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(1), 159-181. This journal highlights how Socio-cultural norms and practices within the Afghans has contributed in the oppressive way through which resources and services like education have been shared in the community. The author cites evidence stating that, at the primary school level, the literacy level of girls for aged 15-24 stands at 18%, while the literacy level for bay at the same age bracket remains at 50%. More than half the boys have a chance of completing education compared to girls. Facar, M. (2006). The pendulum of gender politics in Afghanistan. Central Asia Survey, 25(1), 27-59. This source gives a historical perspective of how the Afghanistan society lived during the time before and after the Taliban. The author observes that because most of the schools in Afghanistan are gender-segregated, the insurgent groups have always conducted several attacks on girls in order to restrict them from acquiring basic education. It was a rule that girls ought to stay away from public places; the school was a public place where they socialized. The author adds that oppressing women was a show of winning despite losing the victory at the battlefields. He cites an example in Takhar province, where Taliban group poisoned 40 girls student, some of which succumbed to severe health complication . Spink, J. (2005). Education and politics in Afghanistan: the importance of an education system in peace building and reconstruction. Journal of Peace Education, 2(2), 195-207. In this source, the author gives the picture of the situation after the Taliban assumed power. He explains and demonstrates how women underwent difficult situations in their pursuit of education. He observes that men were favored unlike women who suffered perpetration and egregious acts of violence from the insurgents. Whitsel, C., Mehran, W. (2010). School, work and community-level differences in Afghanistan and Tajikistan: divergence in secondary school enrolment of youth. Central Asia Survey, 29(4), 501-519. In this source the author, identify various problems that lead to the low number of women registration in secondary schools. He observes that traditional norms and practices also deprived women from accessing education by forcing them to stay at home while boys went to school.

Eros Essay example -- essays research papers

In the Poem, EPƒÇƒÃÆ', by Robert Bridges, Eros is referred to as an  ¡Ã‚ §Ã‚ ¡Kidol of the human race ¡K ¡Ã‚ ¨ with a perfect form and looks, however, he bears no expression on his face. On the other hand, in the poem, EROS, by Anne Stevenson, Eros is portrayed as a  ¡Ã‚ §thug ¡Ã‚ ¨ with a bruised and  ¡Ã‚ §patchy ¡Ã‚ ¨ appearance. I believe that although both authors are trying to convey the same message, they choose different ways to go about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the poem by Anne Stevenson, I believe that she is trying to show that while people, especially the narrator, were constantly asking for help and calling upon the gods, they were not thinking of others, but more so their own personal problems. When Eros first appears to the narrator, she is shocked and in disbelief of his appearance. Eros tells the woman that he has that form due to all of the feelings she and others have directed in his direction. He then tells the girl that since it is the gods that control the fate of man, they are the ones that take all of the blame for things not going well, and that is reflected upon their bodily form. I think that the author was trying to show that from the scorn of man, the gods were receiving these verbal beatings that resulted in physical marks, and to show the selflessness of the gods as well. This is done when Eros tells the girl that it is better for him to be all bruised than for her to not have love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, when comparing the work of Anne Stevenson ... Eros Essay example -- essays research papers In the Poem, EPƒÇƒÃÆ', by Robert Bridges, Eros is referred to as an  ¡Ã‚ §Ã‚ ¡Kidol of the human race ¡K ¡Ã‚ ¨ with a perfect form and looks, however, he bears no expression on his face. On the other hand, in the poem, EROS, by Anne Stevenson, Eros is portrayed as a  ¡Ã‚ §thug ¡Ã‚ ¨ with a bruised and  ¡Ã‚ §patchy ¡Ã‚ ¨ appearance. I believe that although both authors are trying to convey the same message, they choose different ways to go about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the poem by Anne Stevenson, I believe that she is trying to show that while people, especially the narrator, were constantly asking for help and calling upon the gods, they were not thinking of others, but more so their own personal problems. When Eros first appears to the narrator, she is shocked and in disbelief of his appearance. Eros tells the woman that he has that form due to all of the feelings she and others have directed in his direction. He then tells the girl that since it is the gods that control the fate of man, they are the ones that take all of the blame for things not going well, and that is reflected upon their bodily form. I think that the author was trying to show that from the scorn of man, the gods were receiving these verbal beatings that resulted in physical marks, and to show the selflessness of the gods as well. This is done when Eros tells the girl that it is better for him to be all bruised than for her to not have love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, when comparing the work of Anne Stevenson ...